Título:	Development of an antimicrobial nanoemulsion based on cordia verbenacea essential oil: properties, stability, irritability, and in vitro skin permeation
Autor(es):	Silva, Franklyn Santos da Matos, Breno Noronha Santos, Rebeca Dias dos Amaral, Venancio Alves Araújo, Marta Oliveira de do Prado, Bruno Alcântara Martins, Cinara Medeiro Camara, Claudio Augusto Gomes da Moraes, Marcilio Martins de Dias, Diego Juscelino Santos Cardoso, Camila Oliveira Barreto, Livia Cristina Lira de Sá Silva, Izabel Cristina Rodrigues da Orsi, Daniela Castilho Gelfuso, Guilherme Martins
ORCID:	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-2618 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-3755 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-1230 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6836-3583 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-9871 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1924-7885
Afiliação do autor:	University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control Federal Rural University of Pernambuco,Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Chemistry Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Chemistry University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FCE), Laboratory of Quality Control University of Brasília (UNB/FS), Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics
Data de publicação:	28-Fev-2026
Editora:	MDPI AG
Referência:	SILVA, Franklyn Santos da et al. Development of an antimicrobial nanoemulsion based on cordia verbenacea essential oil: properties, stability, irritability, and in vitro skin permeation. Pharmaceutics, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, 313, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18030313. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/18/3/313. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2026.
Abstract:	Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cordia verbenacea essential oil (EOCV) and to develop and characterize a gel-based nanoemulsion of C. verbenacea essential oil (NECV). Methods: The EOCV was chemically characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). The nanoemulsion was prepared using EOCV, the surfactants Cremophor and Plurol Oleique, and phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, and was subjected to experiments to determine its stability, irritant potential and in vitro skin permeation. Results: The main chemical compounds identified in EOCV were α-pinene (33.05%) and β-caryophyllene (25.11%). The EOCV exhibited antimicrobial activity with MIC and MBC values ranging from 6.3 to 25.0 µL/mL for the yeasts Candida albicans and C. krusei, 11.3 to 25.0 µL/mL for the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, and 12.5 to 75.0 µL/mL for the Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The NECV showed a droplet size of 126.80 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.49, a zeta potential of −18.50 mV and a pH of 5.3 and remained stable for 60 days of storage at 25 °C and 4 °C. The HET-CAM irritation test showed that the formulation is non-irritating. The in vitro skin permeation assay showed that the NECV penetrated the deeper layers of the skin, demonstrating its ability to overcome the Stratum corneum barrier. Conclusions: These results are highly promising regarding the potential use of NECV for topical application for the treatment of infected skin wounds.
Unidade Acadêmica:	Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS) Departamento de Farmácia (FS FAR) Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde (FCTS) – Campus UnB Ceilândia Curso de Farmácia (FCTS-FAR)
Programa de pós-graduação:	Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas
Licença:	This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18030313
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