Título :	Restauração ecológica por meio de semeadura direta no Cerrado : avaliando espécies de diferentes formas de vida e densidades de plantio
Otros títulos :	Ecological restoration using direct seeding in Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) : evaluating different growth form species and seeding densities
Autor :	Pellizzaro, Keiko Fueta
Orientador(es)::	Schmidt, Isabel Belloni
Assunto::	Semeadura direta Cerrados - vegetação Área degradada Biodiversidade
Fecha de publicación :	11-oct-2016
Data de defesa::	22-jun-2016
Citación :	PELLIZZARO, Keiko Fueta. Restauração ecológica por meio de semeadura direta no Cerrado: avaliando espécies de diferentes formas de vida e densidades de plantio. 2016. xi, 75 f., il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia)—Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2016.
Abstract:	In order to restore ecological processes and biodiversity in savannas and grasslands that are stagnant by the dominance of exotic grasses, it is necessary to intervene reducing or eliminating exotic species and reintroducing native plants. Direct seeding is a technique that has been confirmed efficient for the reintroduction of native species. In this work we present the results of experiments with direct seeding of native Cerrado species, trees, shrubs, forbs and grasses as important components of these open environments. Chapter 1 presents the establishment, survival and height growth or ground cover of 76 species of different growth forms. We synthesized the results of up to three years of seven experimental restorations by direct seeding conducted between 2011 and 2014 in three areas in the Federal District and one in Goiás State. The areas, historically Cerrado savannas, were degraded by agricultural activity and dominated by invasive exotic grasses such as Andropogon gayanus, Urochloa decumbens, U. humidicola, U. brizantha, Hyparrhenia rufa and Melinis minutiflora. The soil preparation before seeding was mowing and plowing; seeding was carried out in rows, beds or total area. Of the 76 species seeded, (50 trees, 14 shrubs, 12 herbs) 83% (63) were successfully established (42 trees, 12 shrubs, herbs 9). Among the established species, seedling survival of woody species (trees and shrubs) was high (80.4 ± 19.5%, mean ± SD) after the first dry season. The seedlings growth of woody species was slow, on average 2.5 cm in height in the second growing season, confirming the slow growth characteristic of the Cerrado's woody species. Seven species of grasses and shrubs with rapid growth and reproduction (first or second year after seeding), good ground cover (between 2% and 30% in the first two growing seasons) and good seed production were identified: Andropogon fastigiatus, Aristida gibbosa, Schizachyrium sanguineum, Lepidaploa aurea, Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala, Achyrocline satureioides. These and other species of shrubs and grasses are important components for restoration of Cerrado's savannas and grasslands and can be used as early ground cover, structuring the community and helping to control the colonization of exotic grasses by priority effect. Ecological restoration by direct seeding with soil preparation by mowing and plowing was effective in establishing and maintaining most of the tested species, from one to three years after direct seeding. These tested and other species can be used to compose the restoration species set, increasing the diversity and restoring the longer-term ecological processes. Chapter 2 presents experimental restoration testing the use of the species identified in Chapter 1 as good ground cover species, directly seeded in three different densities. To set more appropriate seeding density to limit the reestablishment of exotic grasses without excluding other native species, we tested three seeding densities of seven species and control plots without intervention, in 18 randomized plots in three areas, with three replicates in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (PNCV) / GO, a replicate at the Contagem Biological Reserve (RBC) / DF and another at Fazenda Entre Rios (FER) / DF. The seedings were carried out in areas previously dominated by invasive grasses (soil covering greater than 98%). Before planting, the areas were mowed and plowed twice to eliminate the established exotic grasses and reduce the soil seed bank of these species. The three treatments of seeding density were: Low (1/2M), Medium (M) and High (2xM) using the following species: Aristida gibbosa (grass, average planting density M = 48 Viable seeds (VS) / m2), Lepidaploa aurea (shrub M = 129 VS / m2), Achyrocline satureioides (shrub 17 M = VS / m2), Stylosantes capitata and Stylosantes macrocephala (shrubs, M = 65 VS / m2), and Solanum lycocarpum (shrub, M = 6,5 VS / m2). They were seeded together with a set of 22 or 28 other tree, shrub and herb species. The seeding density of these other species was kept the same in all plots and the mean seeding density was 1.8 VS / m² per specie. We measured the ground cover in the categories seeded grass and shrubs, exotic grasses, seeded trees and not seeded native species; and density and height of sowed trees at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months in the experimental plots and control plots. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models. At 24 months, the restoration plots tended to have lower coverage of exotic grasses in all planting densities in relation to the control plots. The restoration plots, considering all treatments, showed an increase in diversity of 1,548% and 2,680% on species richness of native trees compared to the control plots. The average density of native trees at 24 months was 4.5 individuals / m². The treatments of ground cover seeding density showed no significant differences among them considering exotic grass cover (GEI), seeded native trees (TREE), or ground cover species (ARBHERB). On the other hand, the three experimental areas differ from each other to GEI cover, ARBHERB, and not seeded native species. The results showed that even the lower seeding densities of ground cover tested may be enough to establish a community of native plants and to reduce the exotic grasses cover depending on the area the restoration is carried out. Therefore, local factors such as soil characteristics and exotic grass community, which is to be better understood, might be more important than seeding density to determine the restoration successes in the first two years. In general, the results showed that it is possible to quickly establish a ground cover of native species by direct seeding of grasses and schrubs which allows to eliminate the exotic grasses dominance and to reestablish a savanna type structure even after severe disturbance in the Cerrado region.
metadata.dc.description.unidade:	Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (IB)
Descripción :	Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2016.
metadata.dc.description.ppg:	Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia
Licença::	A concessão da licença deste item refere-se ao termo de autorização impresso assinado pelo autor com as seguintes condições: Na qualidade de titular dos direitos de autor da publicação, autorizo a Universidade de Brasília e o IBICT a disponibilizar por meio dos sites www.bce.unb.br, www.ibict.br, http://hercules.vtls.com/cgi-bin/ndltd/chameleon?lng=pt&skin=ndltd sem ressarcimento dos direitos autorais, de acordo com a Lei nº 9610/98, o texto integral da obra disponibilizada, conforme permissões assinaladas, para fins de leitura, impressão e/ou download, a título de divulgação da produção científica brasileira, a partir desta data.
DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/2016.06.D.21541
Aparece en las colecciones:	Teses, dissertações e produtos pós-doutorado

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